Setsebi se ikhethang sa Landscape ea Central Park

Frederick Law Olmsted e ne e le setsebi sa meralo ea naha sa Amerika, ralitaba, mohlahlobisisi oa sechaba, le molaoli oa sechaba. O nkoa e le eena ntate oa meralo ea libaka. Olmsted o ne a tumme ka ho qapa lirapa tse ngata tse tsebahalang tsa litoropo le molekane oa hae Calvert Vaux. Katleho e tsebahalang haholo ea Olmsted le Vaux e bile Central Park e New York City e ileng ea fella ka meralo e meng e mengata ea lirapa tsa litoropong, ho kenyeletsoa Prospect Park sebakeng seo hona joale se bitsoang Borough of Brooklyn New York City le Cadwalader Park e Trenton. Olmsted o ne a bitsoa ke Charles Eliot Norton "sebini se seholohali seo Amerika e seng e se hlahisitse". 'A Journey in the Sea-board Slave States' e phatlalalitsoe qalong ka 1856 'me e hlahile maetong a ka boroa ao Olmsted, mokhelohi ea chesehang a a entseng ka 1853-1854.

Merero e meng eo Olmsted a neng a kentse letsoho ho eona e kenyelletsa tsamaiso ea pele le ea khale ka ho fetisisa e hokahantsoeng ea naha ea libaka tsa boikhathollo tsa sechaba le libaka tsa boikhathollo Buffalo, New York; serapa sa boikhathollo sa khale ka ho fetisisa sa naha, Sebaka sa Niagara se Niagara Falls, New York; se seng sa metse ea pele e reriloeng United States, Riverside, Illinois; Thaba ea Royal Park e Montreal, Quebec; Setsi sa Bolulo Hartford, Connecticut; Sepetlele sa Waterbury se Waterbury, Connecticut; sefaha sa Emerald se Boston, Massachusetts; Highland Park e Rochester, New York; Sefaha se Seholo sa Lipapaka se Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cherokee Park le lirapa tsa boikhathollo le tsamaiso ea litsela tsa boikhathollo Louisville, Kentucky; Walnut Hill Park e New Britain, Connecticut, Biltmore Estate e Asheville, North Carolina; merero e meholo ea Univesithi ea California, Berkeley, Univesithi ea Maine, Univesithi ea Stanford haufi le Palo Alto, California, le Sekolo sa Lawrenceville; le Montebello Park e St. Catharines, Ontario. Chicago merero ea hae e kenyeletsa: Jackson Park; Washington Park; lebala le leholo la phaka bakeng sa Pontšo ea Lefatše ea Columbian ea 1893; karolo e ka boroa ea lesale la boulevard la "emerald necklace" ea Chicago; le khamphase ea Univesithi ea Chicago. Ha a le Washington, DC, o ile a sebetsa sebakeng se potolohileng mohaho oa United States Capitol.

Boleng ba boqapi ba sebaka sa Olmsted bo ile ba hlokomeloa ke batho ba mehleng ea hae, ba ileng ba mo fa likomishene tsa maemo a holimo. Daniel Burnham o boletse ka yena, “O taka ka matsha le matsoapo a nang le lifate; e nang le mohloa le libanka le maralla a koahetsoeng ke meru; ka matsoapo a lithaba le maoatle…” Mosebetsi oa hae, haholo Central Park, o behile maemo a bokhabane a ntseng a tsoela pele ho susumetsa boqapi ba naha United States. E ne e le motšehetsi oa pele le oa bohlokoa mokhatlong oa paballo ea paballo, ho kopanyelletsa le mosebetsi oa Niagara Falls; sebakeng sa Adirondack se ka leboea ho New York; le tsamaiso ea National Park; ’me le hoja ho sa tsejoe hakaalo, ho ile ha phetha karolo e khōlō ho hlophiseng le ho fana ka litšebeletso tsa bongaka ho Lebotho la Kopano Ntoeng ea Lehae.

Olmsted o hlahetse Hartford, Connecticut, ka la 26 Mmesa, 1822. Ntate oa hae, John Olmsted, e ne e le mohoebi ea atlehileng ea neng a thahasella lintho tsa tlhaho, batho le libaka; Frederick Law le moen’ae, John Hull, le bona ba ile ba bontša thahasello ena. 'M'ae, Charlotte Law (Hull) Olmsted, o hlokahetse pele a tsoaloa la bone. Ntate oa hae o ile a nyala hape ka 1827 ho Mary Ann Bull, ea neng a e-na le lerato le matla la monna oa hae la tlhaho 'me mohlomong a e-na le tatso e hlaoletsoeng haholoanyane.

Ha Olmsted e monyane a se a le mothating oa ho kena Yale College, chefo ea sumac e ile ea fokolisa mahlo a hae, kahoo a tlohela merero ea koleche. Ka mor'a ho sebetsa e le mokoetlisi oa sekepe, mohoebi, le moqolotsi oa litaba, Olmsted o ile a lula polasing ea lihekthere tse 125 ka January 1848 lebōpong le ka boroa la Staten Island, New York, polasi eo ntat'ae a mo thusitseng ho e fumana.

Lenyalo le lelapa

Ka June 13, 1859, Olmsted o ile a nyala Mary Cleveland (Perkins) Olmsted, mohlolohali oa mor'abo John (ea neng a hlokahetse ka 1857). O ile a nka bana ba hae ba bararo, John Charles Olmsted (ea hlahileng 1852), Charlotte Olmsted (eo hamorao a ileng a nyaloa ke Bryant), le Owen Olmsted.

Frederick le Mary le bona ba ne ba e-na le bana ba babeli hammoho ba ileng ba pholoha boseeng; morali, Marion (ea hlahileng ka October 28, 1861), le mora Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., ea hlahileng ka 1870. Ngoana oa bona oa letsibolo, John Theodore Olmsted, o hlahile ka la 13 Phuptjane 1860, ’me a hlokahala e sa le lesea.

Olmsted o bile le mosebetsi oa bohlokoa oa boqolotsi ba litaba. Ka 1850 o ile a ea Engelane ho etela lirapa tsa sechaba, moo a ileng a khahloa haholo ke Birkenhead Park ea Joseph Paxton. Ka mor'a moo o ile a ngola le ho hatisa Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England ka 1852.

Kaha o ne a thahasella moruo oa makhoba, o ile a laeloa ke New York Daily Times (eo hona joale e leng The New York Times) ho kena leetong le pharaletseng la ho etsa lipatlisiso Amerika Boroa le Texas ho tloha ka 1852 ho ea ho 1857. (A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States (1856), Leeto le Nang le Texas (1857), Leeto la Naha e ka Morao Mariheng a 1853-4 (1860).

Olmsted o ne a nahana hore ho haella ha batho ba Southern white class middle le bofuma bo akaretsang ba makhooa a boemo bo tlase bo sitisitse nts'etsopele ea lits'ebeletso tse ngata tsa sechaba tse neng li nkuoa habobebe ka Leboya.

Baahi ba linaha tsa k'hothone, ka kakaretso, ba futsanehile. Ba sebetsa hanyane, mme ha nyane, hampe; ba fumana ho honyenyane, ba rekisa hanyenyane; ba reka hanyenyane, 'me ba na le hanyenyane - hanyenyane haholo - ea boiketlo bo tloaelehileng le matšeliso a bophelo bo tsoetseng pele. Bohloki ba bona hase lintho tse bonahalang feela; e bohlale ebile e na le boitšoaro ... Ba ne ba se batho ba seatla se bulehileng kapa ba amohelang baeti 'me lipuo tsa bona e ne e se tsa banna ba sebete ka ho lekana.

Central Park ea New York City

Andrew Jackson Downing, setsebi se hloahloa sa meralo ea tikoloho se tsoang Newburgh, New York, e bile e mong oa ba pele ba ho sisinya ho nts'etsapele Central Park ea New York molemong oa hae e le mohatisi oa makasine ea The Horticulturist. Motsoalle le moeletsi oa Olmsted, Downing o ile a mo tsebisa setsebi sa meralo sa Lenyesemane Calvert Vaux, eo Downing a neng a mo tliselitse US e le mosebetsi-'moho le eena oa meralo. Kamora ho hlokahala ha Downing ka Phupu 1852 mollong o phatlalalitsoeng hohle ho Hudson River steamboat Henry Clay, Olmsted le Vaux ba kene tlholisanong ea moralo oa Central Park hammoho, khahlano le Egbert Ludovicus Viele har'a ba bang. Vaux o ne a memile Olmsted ea se nang phihlelo ho nka karolo tlholisanong ea meralo le eena, kaha o ne a khahliloe ke likhopolo tsa Olmsted le likamano tsa hae tsa lipolotiki. Pele ho mona, ho fapana le Vaux ea nang le boiphihlelo, Olmsted o ne a e-so ka a qapa kapa ho etsa moralo oa naha.

Moralo oa bona oa Greensward o phatlalalitsoe ka 1858 e le moralo o hapileng. Ha a khutla Boroa, Olmsted o ile a qala ho phethahatsa morero oa bona hang-hang. Olmsted le Vaux ba ile ba ntšetsa pele selekane sa bona se sa reroang sa ho rala Prospect Park e Brooklyn ho tloha ka 1865 ho ea ho 1873. Ho ile ha lateloa ke merero e meng. Vaux o ile a lula a le moriting oa botho bo botle ba Olmsted ba sechaba le likamano tsa sechaba.

Moralo oa Central Park o kenyelletsa tlhokomeliso ea Olmsted sechabeng le boitlamo ba ho latela maikutlo a tšoanang. A susumelitsoe ke Downing le maikutlo a hae mabapi le boemo ba sechaba Engelane, Chaena le Amerika Boroa, Olmsted o ne a lumela hore sebaka se tloaelehileng sa botala se tlameha ho fumaneha ka mokhoa o lekanang ho baahi bohle, 'me se ne se lokela ho sireletsoa khahlanong le tšitiso ea botho. Hona joale molao-motheo ona ke oa bohlokoa mohopolong oa "serapa sa sechaba", empa ha oa ka oa nkoa e le oa bohlokoa ka nako eo. Nako ea Olmsted joalo ka mokomishinara oa Central Park e bile ntoa e telele ho boloka mohopolo oo.

Ka 1865, Vaux le Olmsted ba ile ba theha Olmsted, Vaux & Co. Ha Olmsted a khutlela New York, eena le Vaux ba ile ba qapa Prospect Park; libaka tsa boikhathollo tsa Riverside tsa toropo ea Chicago; tsamaiso ea lipaka tsa Buffalo, New York; Milwaukee, sefaha se seholo sa Wisconsin sa lirapeng tsa boikhathollo; le Sebaka sa Sebaka sa Niagara se Liphororong tsa Niagara.

Olmsted ha a ka a theha libaka tse ngata tsa boikhathollo tsa toropo ho potoloha le naha feela, o boetse a na le lits'ebetso tse felletseng tsa lirapeng tsa boikhathollo le litselana tse hokahantsoeng tsa libaka tsa boikhathollo ho hokahanya litoropo tse ling le libaka tse tala. E meng ea mehlala e metle ka ho fetisisa ea sekala seo Olmsted a sebelitseng ho sona ke tsamaiso ea lipaka e etselitsoeng Buffalo, New York, e leng o mong oa merero e meholohali; tsamaiso eo a e etselitseng Milwaukee, Wisconsin, le tsamaiso ea lipaka e etselitsoeng Louisville, Kentucky, eo e neng e le e ’ngoe ea litsamaiso tse ’nè feela tse phethiloeng tsa lipaka tse entsoeng ke Olmsted lefatšeng.

Olmsted e ne e le mosebetsi-'moho le eena khafetsa le setsebi sa meralo Henry Hobson Richardson, eo a ileng a qapa merero ea ho lokisa naha bakeng sa merero ea halofo ea leshome le metso e 'meli, ho kenyeletsoa khomishene ea Richardson bakeng sa Asylum ea Naha ea Buffalo. Ka 1871, Olmsted o ile a theha sebaka sa Sepetlele sa Naha sa Hudson River bakeng sa Mahlanya a Poughkeepsie.

Ka 1883, Olmsted e ile ea theha feme ea pele ea nako e tletseng ea meralo ea meralo Brookline, Massachusetts. O ile a letsetsa ntlo le ofisi ea Fairsted. Hona joale ke Sebaka sa Histori sa Sechaba sa Frederick Law Olmsted se tsosolositsoeng. Ho tloha moo Olmsted o ile a qapa Molala oa Emerald oa Boston, likhampase tsa Wellesley College, Smith College, Univesithi ea Stanford le Univesithi ea Chicago, hammoho le 1893 Worlds Fair e Chicago, har'a merero e meng e mengata.

Frederick Law Olmsted o tsejoa e le "ntate oa American Landscape Architecture."

MONGOLI OA TŠEPISANG MOSEBETSI: Stanley Turkel o ile a khethoa e le Rahistori oa Selemo oa 2020 ke Historic Hotels of America, lenaneo le molaong la National Trust for Historic Preservation, leo a neng a reiloe lebitso la lona pejana ka 2015 le 2014. Turkel ke moeletsi oa hotele ea phatlalatsoang ho fetisisa United States. O sebetsa ka mokhoa oa hae oa boeletsi ba hotele e le paki e nang le boiphihlelo linyeoeng tse amanang le hotele, o fana ka taolo ea thepa le lipuisano tsa ho rekisa ka lihotele. O netefalitsoe e le Master Hotel Supplier Emeritus ke Setsi sa Thuto sa American Hotel le Lodging Association. [imeile e sirelelitsoe] 917-628-8549

Buka ea hae e ncha "Great American Hotel Architects Volume 2" e sa tsoa phatlalatsoa.

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