NY: Bapalami ba na le litokelo! Lifofane: Ho re ke mang? U nahana hore sena ke eng, EU?

Mokhatlo oa Lifofane o phephetse ka katleho molao oa naha oa New York o behang litekanyetso tse tlase tsa kalafo ea bapalami ba lifofane.

Lekhotla la Bobeli la Maipiletso la Potoloho ea Amerika le ahlotse ka Labobeli hore molao oa koporasi, Molao oa Ts'ebetso ea Lifofane oa 1978, o leka bokhoni ba linaha ho busa lintho tse joalo. Lekhotla le itse:

Re lumela hore ho hloka lifofane ho fana ka lijo, metsi, motlakase le matloana a phomolo ho bapalami nakong ea ho lieha ha mobu nako e telele ho amana le ts'ebeletso ea moeti oa moea mme ka hona e oela lipehelong tse hlakileng tsa tokisetso ea ADA ea boitokisetso.
ATA e ile ea fana ka phatlalatso kapele ho boralitaba:

Qeto ea lekhotla e netefatsa boemo ba ATA le lifofane - hore lits'ebeletso tsa lifofane li laoloa ke mmuso oa koporasi le hore melaoana ea linaha le libaka e ke ke ea sebetsa ebile e kotsi ho lithahasello tsa bareki. Qeto ena e hlakileng le ea makhaola-khang e fana ka molaetsa o matla ho linaha tse ling tse ntseng li nahana ka melao e ts'oanang.
Lebella batšehetsi ba melao ea ts'ireletso ea bareki ho beha khatello ho Congress ho nka litaba. Joalokaha lekhotla la maipiletso le hlokometse, bonyane linaha tse ling tse robong li ne li nahana ka melao ea ts'ireletso ea bareki joalo ka ea New York - sena se bonahala se khutsufatsa boiteko bohle bo joalo, ntle le haeba lekhotla le leng la boipiletso la mmuso le ka kholoa ka tsela e ngoe.

Re hatisitse qeto e ka tlase. Har'a lipina tsa eona: "Haeba maikutlo a New York mabapi le boholo ba matla a eona a taolo a bile teng ka letsatsi leo, mmuso o mong o ka ba le bolokolohi ba ho etsa molao o hanelang ts'ebeliso ea soda lifofaneng tse tlohang boema-fofane ba eona, ha e 'ngoe e ka hloka likhetho tsa lijo tse se nang allergen. lifofaneng tsa eona tse tsoang ka bongata, ho senola moralo oa mmuso oa maeto a lifofane. ”

MOKHATLO OA HO PALAMA MOEA OA AMERICA, INC.,
Moqosi-Moipiletsi,

-v. -

ANDREW CUOMO, boemong ba hae ba semmuso e le Attorney General
oa Naha ea New York, MINDY A. BOCKSTEIN, ho eena
boemo ba semmuso e le Modulasetulo le Motsamaisi e Moholo
ea Boto ea Ts'ireletso ea Bareki ea New York State,
Baqosuoa-Bakuli.
_____________________________________

Mokhatlo oa Lifofane oa Lifofane oa Amerika o ipiletsa ho tsoa kahlolong ea hoqetela ea Lekhotla la Setereke la United States bakeng sa Setereke sa Leboea sa New York (Kahn, J.) ho fana ka kahlolo e akaretsang ho baqosuoa le ho qhelela ka thoko qoso ea moqosi ea batlang tokollo ea phatlalatso le ea thibelo khahlano le naha ea New York State. Molao oa Litokelo tsa Bapalami, o hlophisitsoeng karolong ea 553 (2) (b) - (d) ea Molao oa Phethahatso oa New York le likarolo tsa 251-f ho isa ho 251-j tsa Molao oa Khoebo o Akaretsang oa New York. Re khutlisetsa morao 'me re lumela hore litokisetso tsa molao, NY Gen. Bus. Molao § 251-g (1), li etselitsoe pele ke Molao oa Taolo ea Lifofane oa 1978. E khutliselitsoe morao le ho khutlisoa.

KA KURURIAM:
Boipiletso ba Mokhatlo oa Lipalang oa Moea oa Amerika ("Lipalangoang tsa Moea"), mokhatlo o ka sehloohong oa khoebo le litšebeletso oa indasteri ea lifofane ea United States, o ipiletsa ho tsoa taelo ea Lekhotla la Setereke la United States bakeng sa Setereke sa Leboea sa New York (Kahn, J.) Kakaretso ea kahlolo ho baappelletsang le ho qhelela thoko tletlebo ea eona e batlang tokollo e phatlalatsang le e thibelang ts'ebetsong khahlanong le ts'ebetsong ea Molao oa Litokelo tsa Baeti oa New York State ("PBR"), 2007 NY Sess. Melao, ch. 472 (e hlophisitsoe ho NY Exec. Molao § 553 (2) (b) - (d); NY Gen. Bus. Molao §§ 251-f ho 251-j). Ho Fetola Moea. Ass'n ea Am. v. Cuomo, 528 F. Tlatsetso. 2d 62 (NDNY 2007). Re lumela hore PBR e qhekelloa ke ho fana ka tokollo e hlakileng ea Molao oa Phokotso ea Lifofane oa 1978 ("ADA") ka hona e khutlisetsoa morao.

MOSEBETSI

Kamora letoto la liketsahalo tse phatlalalitsoeng hantle nakong ea mariha a 2006- 2007 moo bapalami ba lifofane ba mamelletseng ho lieha ho nka nako e telele ba thehiloe litselaneng tsa New York, ba bang ba sa fuoe metsi kapa lijo, lekhotla la ketsa-molao la New York le thehile PBR. Liphumantsho tse matla tsa PBR li bolela ka tsela e latelang:

1. Nako le nako ha bapalami ba sefofane ba palame sefofane 'me ba lieha ho feta lihora tse tharo ka sefofaneng pele se tloha, sefofane se tla netefatsa hore bapalami ba fuoa kamoo ho hlokahalang ka:

(a) tšebeletso ea phepelo ea motlakase ho fana ka matla a nakoana bakeng sa moea o hloekileng le mabone;

(b) tšebeletso ea ho tlosa litšila molemong oa ho fana ka litanka tse tšoereng matloana a ka sekepeng; le

(c) lijo tse lekaneng le metsi a nooang le lino tse ling.

NY Gen. Bese. Molao § 251-g (1). Molao o boetse o hloka hore bajari bohle ba hlahise tlhaiso-leseling e mabapi le litletlebo tsa bareki le tlhaloso ea litokelo tsena. Id. § 251-g (2). Karolo ea 251-g e qalile ka la 1 Pherekhong 2008. 2007 NY Sess. Melao, ch. 472, § 5.

Sepalangoang sa Lifofane se ile sa hlahlela nyeoe Lekhotleng la Setereke la United States bakeng sa Setereke sa Leboea sa New York se batla phomolo e phatlalatsang le e sa sebetseng ka lebaka la hore PBR e qhekelloa ke ADA mme e tlola Molao oa Khoebo oa Molao oa Motheo oa US. Boipiletso ba Sefofane sa Boipiletso bo fuoe kahlolo e akaretsang, mme lekhotla la setereke le fane ka kahlolo e akaretsang ea sua sponte ho li-appelle, li tiisa hore PBR ha ea ka ea qhekelloa ka ho hlaka ke ADA hobane ha e "amane le theko, tsela kapa ts'ebeletso ea motho ea tsamaisang moea. , ”Air Transp., 528 F. Tlatsetso. 2d ho 66-67 (ho qotsa 49 USC § 41713 (b) (1)) (letšoao la ka hare la qotsulo ha lea tlosoa), 'me ha ea ka ea qosoa ka hore Congress e ne e sa rera hore ADA e lule tšireletsehong ea sefofane, id. ka lilemo tse 67-68. Re file tumello ea boipiletso ba Potlako ea Lifofane.

TŠOHLOA

Re lekola monehelo oa lekhotla la setereke oa kakaretso ea kahlolo ea novo. SEC v. Kern, 425 F.3d 143, 147 (2d Cir. 2005); bona le Drake v. Lab. Corp. ea Am. Holdings, 458 F.3d 48, 56 (2d Cir. 2006) ("[A] boikemisetso mabapi le preemp5 tion ke qetello ea molao, ka hona re e hlahloba de novo.").

Molao-moholo oa bophahamo, Const. bonono VI, cl. 2, “e nyopisa melao ea naha e 'sitisang kapa e khahlanong le' molao oa naha.” Hillsborough County v. Automated Med. Labs., Inc., 471 US 707, 712 (1985) (a qotsa Gibbons v. Ogden, US (9 Wheat.) 1, 211 (1824)). Pholoso e ka hlalosoa kapa ea boleloa. Express preemption e hlaha ha "molao-taelo oa mmuso o laela ka ho hlaka hore molao oa naha o lokela ho lihuoa." Mofuta oa Int'l Auto. Mfrs. v. Abrams, 84 F.3d 602, 607 (2d Cir. 1996). Ho fana ka tefiso ho hlaha ha, “ntle le puo e hlakileng ea molao,. . . Congress e ne e rerile hore Mmuso oa Koporasi o sebetse [tšimo] ka ho khetheha, ”kapa ha molao oa naha" o hlile o hanana le molao oa koporasi. " Senyesemane v. Gen. Elec. Co, 496 US 72, 79 (1990). Haholo-holo, tokollo e boleloa ha "ho ata ha melaoana ea mmuso ho thibela tlatsetso ke Linaha, moo tjantjello ea mmuso lefapheng e le matla ka ho lekana, kapa moo 'ntho e neng e batla ho fumanoa ke molao oa koporasi le semelo sa boitlamo bo behiloeng ka eona. . . senola morero o tšoanang. '”Schneidewind v. ANR Pipeline Co., 485 US 293, 300 (1988) (ho siiloe ka lekhetlo la pele) (a qotsa Rice v. Santa Fe Elevator Corp., 331 US 218, 230 (1947)). Congress e phatlalalitse melaoana e 'meli e ka amang taba ea PBR: (1) ADA, Pub. 95-504, 92 Palo. 1705 (1978); le (2) Federal Aviation Act ea 1958 ("FAA"), Pub. L. No. 85-726, 72 Palo. 731. Re qala ka tsa pele.

I.

“Haesale ho ba teng ha tokoloho ho fetoha sepheo sa Kopano, re tlameha ho 'qala joalo ka ha re etsa ts'ebetsong efe kapa efe ea molao [,] ka mongolo oa phepelo eo ho buuoang ka eona, mme re fetele pele, kamoo ho hlokehang, ho sebopeho le sepheo ea Molao oo o etsahalang ka oona. '”McNally v. Port Auth. of NY & NJ (In re WTC Disaster Site), 414 F.3d 352, 371 (2d Cir. 2005) (phetoho ea mantlha) (a qotsa NY State Conference ea Blue Cross & Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 US 645, 655 (1995). Phano ea ADA ea tokollo e bolela ka tsela e latelang:

Ntle le ha ho fanoe karolwaneng ena, Naha, karohano ea lipolotiki ea Naha, kapa matla a lipolotiki a bonyane linaha tse 2 a kanna a se ke a etsa kapa a qobella molao, taolo, kapa pehelo e ngoe e nang le matla le matla a molao a amanang le theko, tsela , kapa ts'ebeletso ea sefofane se ka fanang ka lipalangoang tsa moea tlasa karoloana ena.

49 USC § 41713 (b) (1). Likhetho tse lebisitsoeng tlhokomelong ena ha li sebetse ntlheng ena. Ka hona, PBR e qhekelloa haeba e "amana le theko, tsela kapa ts'ebeletso ea motho ea tsamaisang moea." Re fihlela qeto ea hore ho joalo.

A.

Tletlebo ea Moea oa Lifofane e tiisa tseko tlasa Molao oa Boholo-holo le tseko ea hore PBR e tlola § 41713 (b) (1). Habohlokoa, § 41713 (b) (1) ha e fane ka tokelo ea boits'ebetso ea poraefete, mme re ts'oere tumellanong le molao-taelo oa eona oa pele ho moo, o ts'oanang hantle, hore ha ho na tokelo ea boits'oaro ea boits'oaro e ka boleloang. W. Air Lines, Inc. khahlanong le Port Auth. ea NY & NJ, 817 F.2d, 225 (2d Cir. 1987); Montauk-Caribbean Airways, Inc. v. Tšepo, 784 F.2d 91, 7 (2d Cir. 1986). Ka hona, Sefofane sa Lifofane se ke ke sa qosa bakeng sa tlolo ea molao.

Leha ho le joalo, Sepalangoang sa Lifofane se na le tokelo ea ho phehella phephetso ea sona ea tokollo ka kopo ea eona ea Supuse Pronacy Phapang lipakeng tsa tseko ea molao le polelo ea Supremacy Clause, leha e bonahala e sena phapang moelelong ona, e bohlokoa ebile ha se moetlo o nyelisang: Tletlebo tlasa Molao oa Boholo-holo ea hore molao oa koporasi o lekang molao oa naha o fapane le tseko bakeng sa ts'ebetsong ea molao oo oa koporasi. . . . Kopo tlasa Molao oa Boholo-holo e tiisa feela hore taelo ea mmuso e tlositse bolaoli ba lehae ho laola ts'ebetso e itseng. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tokelo ea tšebetso ea poraefete ke mokhoa oa ho tiisa litšebeletso tsa molao oa koporasi. E fana ka litlhare, khafetsa ho kenyeletsoa le lits'enyehelo, bakeng sa tlolo ea molao oa koporasi ke setheo sa mmuso kapa mokga o ikemetseng. Ho iketsahaletse feela hore molao oa koporasi eo ho buuoang ka ona ntlheng ena o nang le puo ea ona ea boitokisetso ha o ame phapang ena.

Linela tsa Moea tsa W. 817 F.2d ho 225-26. Ntle le moo, khahlano le tlhahiso ea amici, phephetso ea ts'ireletso ea Moea oa Lifofane ha e na bothata ba ho se ts'oarehe kapa litšitiso tse ling tsa toka. Sheba Morales v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 504 US 374, 380-81 (1992) (e qotsa Ex parte Young, 209 US 123, 145-47, 163-65 (1908)).

B.

Congress e kentse ADA ka 1978, e lokolla taolo ea eona ea moruo indastering ea lifofane kamora ho etsa qeto ea hore "'ho its'etleha haholo ho mabotho a tlholisano' marakeng 'ho tla ntlafatsa' katleho, boqapi, le litheko tse tlase 'ekasitana le' boleng [le] boleng. . . ea lipalangoang tsa moeeng. '”Id. ho 378 (phetoho le ho siuoa ka mokhoa oa mantlha) (ho qotsa sesebelisoa sa 49 USC. § 1302 (a) (4), (9) (1988)). "Ho netefatsa hore Linaha li ke ke tsa etsolla tlolo ea molao ena ka melao ea tsona," Congress e kenyelelitse tokisetso e hlakileng ea tokollo. Id.; bona le id. ka 389-91 (a re ADA e hlakisitse ts'ebeliso ea melao e thetsang ea khoebo ea mmuso ho tsamaisa lipapatso tsa lifofane hobane melaoana e amanang le litheko tsa bajari ba lifofane). Ha e hlokomela sepheo sena, Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo le ile la hatisa khafetsa bophara ba tokisetso ea ADA ea tokollo. Bona Am. Airlines, Inc. v. Wolens, 513 US 219, 225-26 (1995); id. ho 235 (Stevens, J., ea lumellanang ka karolo e 'ngoe le ho hanyetsa ka karolo e' ngoe); Morales, 504 US ho 383-84; bona le Rowe v. NH Motor Transp. Ass'n, 552 US -, 128 S. Ct. 989, 998 (2008) (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (a hlokomela "bophara ba puo ea tokollo" ho Federal Aviation Administration Authorization Act ea 1994, eo tokisetso ea eona ea tokollo, 49 USC § 14501 (c) (1) , e ho pari materia le ea ADA). Le ha Lekhotla lena le so ka le hlalosa "ts'ebeletso" joalo ka ha e sebelisoa ho ADA, ha re na bothata ba ho etsa qeto ea hore ho hloka lifofane ho fana ka lijo, metsi, motlakase le matloana a phomolo ho bapalami nakong ea ho lieha ha mobu nako e telele ho amana le ts'ebeletso ea motho ea tsamaisang moea. . Qeto ena e fana ka ts'ehetso e kholo ho tsoa khopolong e le 'ngoe ea Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo ho Rowe e hlalosang 49 USC § 14501 (c) (1)' s tokiso ea tokollo. Rowe, Lekhotla le buile ka molao oa Maine o behang, har'a boikarabello bo bong, tlhoko ea hore barekisi ba romellang lihlahisoa tsa koae ho bareki kahare ho Naha ba sebelise litšebeletso tse fanang ka mefuta e meng ea netefatso ea moamoheli - molao o entsoeng, ho latela 'Muso, ho ntšetsa pele thahasello ea eona ea ho thibela bana ho fumana lisakerete. Lekhotla la Rowe le phethile liqeto tsa lona tse tsoang Morales mabapi le ho hlalosa ADA:

(1) hore "[s] liketso tsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetsong tse nang le khokahano le, kapa tse buang ka" mojaki "" litefiso, litsela, kapa litšebeletso "li se li felisitsoe"; (2) hore peo e joalo ea pele ho nako e kanna ea etsahala leha molao oa naha o ka ama litefiso, litsela kapa litšebeletso "e sa tobang feela"; (3) hore, mabapi le ho emisa pele ho nako, ha ho etse phapang hore na molao oa naha o "lumellane" kapa "ha o lumellane" le melaoana ea koporasi; le (4) hore peo ea pejana e etsahala bonyane moo melao ea naha e nang le "tšusumetso e kholo" e amanang le lipehelo tse amanang le taolo ea "Congress" le "pre-emission."

128 S. Ct. ka 995 (phetoho ea mantlha) (khatiso e tlositsoe) (litemoso li siiloe) (ho qotsitsoe Morales, 504 US ho 384, 386-87, 390). Lekhotla le ile la hatisa hore "sepheo se seholo" sa Congress mabapi le ADA se thusa ho netefatsa hore litefiso tsa lipalangoang, litsela le lits'ebeletso "li bonts'a" ho itšetleha ka "mabotho a tlholisano," ka tsela eo ho hlasimolla "eseng feela" 'katleho, boqapi , le litheko tse tlase, '”empa hape le"' mefuta-futa 'le' boleng "litšebeletsong tsa lipalangoang. Id. (ho qotsa Morales, 504 US ho 378).

Boholo ba lipotoloho tse nkileng "tšebeletso" li boletse hore poleloana ena e bua ka tokisetso kapa phano e lebelletsoeng ea basebetsi ho tloha boema-fofane ho ea ho bapalami ba eona mme e kenyelletsa litaba tse joalo ka lits'ebetso tsa ho palama, ho tsamaisa thoto, le lijo le lino - litaba tse amanang le ebile e fapane le lipalangoang tsa 'nete tsa bapalami. Sheba Travel Hohle Lefatšeng, Inc. v. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 73 F.3d 1423, 1433 (7 Cir. 1996); Hodges v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 44 F.3d 334, 336-38 (5th Cir. 1995) (en banc); bona le Branche v. Airtran Airways, Inc., 342 F.3d 1248, 1257 (11th Cir. 2003) (a bua ka tlhaloso ea Hodges e le "e qobellang" litlhaloso tse ling tse amohetsoeng); Smith v. Comair, Inc., 134 F.3d 254, 259 (4th Cir. 1998) (a qotsa Travel Hohle Lefatšeng ka bophara le Hodges ka ho ts'oara litletlebo tseo "li ipapisitse le ho hana ha [sefofane] tumello ea ho palama" li qobelloa hobane "mekhoa ea ho palama ke ts'ebeletso e fanoang ke sefofane"); Chukwu v. Bd. ea Dirs. Lifofane tsa Brithani, 889 F. Supp. 12, 13 (D. Mass. 1995) (ho amohela tlhaloso ea Hodges), aff'd mem. sub nom. Azubuko v. Bd. ea Dirs. British Airways, 101 F.3d 106 (Cir ea Pele. 1). Lipotoloho tsa Boraro le ea Borobong, ka lehlakoreng le leng, li entse tšebeletso ea ho supa ka mokhoa o mosesane ho "litheko, lipampiri, tšimoloho le libaka tseo ho fihleloang ho tsona ho isa ntlheng ea lipalangoang tsa bapalami, thepa kapa mangolo", empa eseng "ho kenyelletsa boema-fofane phano ea lino tse fofang, thuso ea botho ho bapalami, ho sebetsana le mekotla le lintho tse ling tse tšoanang. ” Charas v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 1996 F.160d 3, 1259 (1261th Cir. 9) (en banc); tumellanong Taj Mahal Travel, Inc. v. Delta Airlines, Inc., 1998 F.164d 3, 186-193 (94d Cir. 3).

Mokhoa oo Charas a nahanang ka oona, ha o lumellane le qeto ea Lekhotla le ka Holimo-limo Rowe. Ha a le moo, Lekhotla le hlalositse "ts'ebeletso" ho fetela ka nqane ho litheko, linako, tšimoloho le libaka tse eang teng. Ha e le hantle, ha e etsa qeto ea hore tokisetso ea ADA ea tokollo e fihletse, har'a tse ling, ho beoa ha litlhoko tsa netefatso ea moamoheli ka thomello ea koae, Lekhotla le boletse ka ho hlaka hore "molao oa koporasi o tlameha. . . etella pele boiteko ba Maine ka kotloloho ba ho laola litšebeletso tsa bajari. ” Rowe, 128 S. Ct. ka 998 (ho totobatsoa). E boetse e hlokometse hore ho toloka tokisetso ea mmuso ea tokollo e sa fihlelle melaoana "ho ka lebisa habonolo ho melaoana, melao le melaoana e khethollang litšebeletso tsa mmuso," e ka bang "e sa lumellaneng le boiteko bo boholo ba molao ba Congress ba ho tlohela liqeto tse joalo. , moo 'muso o sa ngolisoeng ka molao,' marakeng oa tlholisano. ” Id. ka 996.

Re lumela hore ho hloka lifofane ho fana ka lijo, metsi, motlakase le matloana a phomolo ho bapalami nakong ea ho lieha ha mobu nako e telele ho amana le ts'ebeletso ea moeti oa moea mme ka hona e oela maemong a hlakileng a tokisetso ea ADA ea boitokisetso. Ka lebaka leo, litokisetso tse matla tsa PBR, tse hlophisitsoeng karolong ea 251-g (1) ea New York General Business Law, lia lefisoa. Maikutlo a ntsoe-leng a Rowe a ile a tiisa hore molao oa Maine o felletse ka hore Maine "e kenye ka kotloloho litaelo tsa eona tsa mmuso bakeng sa 'mabotho a tlholisano' marakeng" ho khetholla "lits'ebeletso tseo bajari ba likoloi ba tla li fa" ho bareki ba bona. Id. ka 995 (a qotsa Morales, 504 US ho 378). Ntlheng ena, PBR ha e khethollehe. E emisetsa litaelo tsa New York bakeng sa mabotho a tlholisano a mmaraka, e hlokang hore lifofane li fane ka lits'ebeletso tseo New York e li hlalosang nakong ea ho lieha ha mobu le ho sokela "melaoana le melao" e ts'oanang le Lekhotla le Rowe.1 Id. ho 996. Ntle le moo, re hlokomela hore Rowe o hanne ho bala ho § 14501 (c) (1) tokollo pele ho khethoa melaoana e sirelletsang melao ea naha e sirelletsang bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. Id. ka 996-97. Rowe ka nepo o hlakola ngangisano ea New York le sephetho sa lekhotla la setereke, bona Air Transp., 528 F. Supp. 2d ho 67, ho khetholla PBR e le taolo ea bophelo bo botle le polokeho kapa taba ea litlhoko tsa mantlha tsa batho ka tsela e itseng e e sireletsa ho mabotho a pele ho § 41713 (b) (1). Lits'ebeletso tsa kahare, ho sa tsotelehe hore na ke mabothobotho kapa litlhoko, li ntse li amana le ts'ebeletso ea lifofane mme li oela maemong a hlakileng a tokisetso ea tokollo - re fihlela qeto ea hore le bangoli ba PBR ho bonahala ba sa ka ba baleha. Sheba NY Gen. Bus. Molao § 251-g (1) (a) (e bua ka "ts'ebeletso ea tlhahiso ea motlakase"); id. § 251-g (1) (b) (e bua ka "ts'ebeletso ea ho tlosa litšila").

II.

Ho latela hore PBR e reretsoe ho fana ka maemo a polokeho ea lifofane, qetellong rea hlokomela hore e kanna ea qhekelloa ke FAA le melaoana e phatlalalitsoeng ka tlase ho eona. FAA e thehiloe ho theha "tsamaiso e ts'oanang le e ikhethileng ea taolo ea mmuso" lebaleng la polokeho ea moea. Motse oa Burbank v. Lockheed Air Terminal, Inc., 411 US 624, 639 (1973). Nakoana kamora hore e fetohe molao, re hlokometse hore FAA "e fetisitsoe ke Congress ka sepheo sa ho theha matla a le mong - ho molaoli a le mong - matla a ho theha melao bakeng sa ts'ebeliso e sireletsehileng le e sebetsang ea sebaka sa moea sa naha." Baetsi ba lifofane ba lifofane Ass'n, Int'l v. Quesada, 276 F.2d 892, 894 (2d Cir. 1960); bona le British Airways Bd. v. Port Auth. ea NY & NJ, 558 F.2d 75, 83 (2d Cir. 1977) ("[FAA] e hloka hore taolo e ikhethileng ea taolo ea sepakapaka e tsepamisoe boemong ba naha."). Congress le Federal Aviation Administration ba sebelisitse matla ana ho etsa melao e sebetsanang le likarolo tsohle tsa polokeho ea moea. Melao ena e fapana ho tloha maemong a akaretsang a tlhokomelo bakeng sa litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso, bona 14 CFR § 91.13 (a) ("Ha ho motho ea ka sebelisang sefofane ka tsela e sa tsotelleng kapa e sa tsotelleng hore a behe bophelo kapa thepa ea motho e mong kotsing."), To makolopetso a litaba tse ka hare ho lisebelisoa tse tlamang tsa boto ea thuso ea pele. leq. 121, sesebelisoa. A, ho ea ho palo e phahameng ea khabone ea monoxide e lumelloang ka liphaposing tse "nang le moea o loketseng", id. § 125.117. Matla ana a fetela le lifofaneng tse fatše le litselaneng tsa boema-fofane. Bona id. § 91.123 (e hlokang hore bafofisi ba lifofane ba ikobele litaelo tsohle le litaelo tsa taolo ea sephethephethe sa moea); id. § 139.329 (e hlokang hore lifofane li thibele motsamao oa ba tsamaeang ka maoto le makoloi a fatše litseleng).

Morero oa ho tiisa matla a ts'ireletso ea moea le ho phethahala ha melaoana ena ho latela matla ao ho lebisitse lipotolohong tse ling tse 'maloa (le makhotla a' maloa kahara Potoloho ena) ho fihlela qeto ea hore Congress e ikemiselitse ho nka tšimo kaofela mme ka hona e thibela taolo ea mmuso ea polokeho ea moea. Bona, mohlala, Montalvo v. Spirit Airlines, 508 F.3d 464, 468 (9 Cir. 2007) (“[T] he FAA e leka lekala lohle la polokeho ea lifofane ka ho bolela tšireletso ea tšimo. FAA le melaoana e phatlalalitse ho latela eona theha litekanyetso tse felletseng le tse phethahetseng tsa polokeho ea maeto a lifofane, tse sa tlatsetsoang ke.. melao ea naha. ”); Greene v. BF Goodrich Avionics Sys., Inc., 409 F.3d 784, 795 (6 Cir. 2005), setifikeiti. o hanetsoe, 547 US 1003 (2006); Abdullah v. Am. Lifofane, Inc., 181 F.3d 363, 367-68 (3d Cir. 1999); Sefora khahlanong le Pan Am Express, Inc., 869 F.2d 1, 5 (1 Cir. 1989); Curtin v. Port Auth. ea NY & NJ, 183 F. Tlatsetso. 2d 664, 671 (SDNY 2002). Leha re sa rarolla bothata bona, re amohetse hore FAA ha e qobelle liketso tsohle tsa molao oa naha. Sheba Koluoa ​​ea Kotsi ea Moea Boema-fofane ba John F. Kennedy Int'l ka la 24 Phuptjane, 1975, 635 F.2d 67, 75 (2d Cir. 1980). Leha ho le joalo, FAA e na le karolo ea poloko e bolokang liketso tsena ka kotloloho. Sheba 49 USC § 40120 (c).

Haeba maikutlo a New York mabapi le boholo ba bolaoli ba eona ba taolo a tsamaisitse letsatsi leo, mmuso o mong o ka ba le bolokolohi ba ho etsa molao o hanelang ts'ebeletso ea soda ka lifofane tse tlohang boema-fofane ba eona, ha e 'ngoe e ka hloka likhetho tsa lijo tse se nang allergen lifofaneng tsa eona tse tsoang. ho senola sebopeho sa mmuso sa maeto a lifofane. Ntlheng ena, liqeto tsa lipotoloho tsa bohlano le tsa borobong tse fumanang tokollo ea melao e tloaelehileng ea mmuso bakeng sa ho hloleha ho lemosa ka kotsi ea methapo e tebileng ea methapo lia ruta. Bona Montalvo, 508 F.3d ho 473 ("[Naha] ha e na bolokolohi ba ho hloka phatlalatso ho lifofane tsohle tse kenang, kapa tse tlohang mobung oa eona...."); Bohlale v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 366 F.3d 380, 383-84 (5th Cir. 2004).

Ka lebaka la boikemisetso ba rona ba hore PBR e etselitsoe pele ke ADA, leha ho le joalo, ha ho hlokahale hore re sebetsane le boholo ba tokollo ea FAA, mme re hana ho etsa joalo mona. Le ha lipheo tsa PBR li rorisoa ebile maemo a hlohlelletsa ho etsoa ha ona e le ntho e mpe, ke mmuso oa koporasi feela o nang le matla a ho etsa molao o joalo. Re phethela, ka hona, ka ho pheta ho ts'oara ha rona hore lipehelo tsa PBR, tse hlophisitsoeng karolong ea 251-g (1) ea Molao oa Khoebo oa New York, li etselitsoe pele ke 49 USC § 41713 (b) (1).

QETELLO

Bakeng sa mabaka a boletsoeng ka holimo, kahlolo ea lekhotla la setereke e FETOHILE, 'me nyeoe e REMANDED lekhotleng la setereke e le hore e ka kenya kahlolo e akaretsang molemong oa Lipalangoang tsa Moea.

Mongolo:

Bonyane linaha tse ling tse robong li hlahisitse molao oa 1 mabapi le ho lieha ha mobu. Sheba HR 2149, 48 Leg., 2d Reg. Sess. (Ariz. 2008); Assem. 1943, 2007-2008 Reg. Sess. (Khal. 08); S. 2062, 110 ea Reg. Sess. (Mofuta. 2008); S. 161, 115th Gen. Assem., 2d Reg. Sess. (Ind. 08); HR 5475, 94 Legis., 2007 Reg. Sess. (Mich. 2007); Assem. 967, 213th Leoto., 1st Ann. Sess. (NJ 2008); HR 2055, 190th Gen. Assem., 2007 Sess. (Pa. 2007); S. 2088, 2008 Legis. Sess. (RI 2008); S. 6269, 60 Legis., 2008 Reg. Sess. (Hlatsoa. ​​2008). Melao ena e sisintsitsoeng e tla qobella boitlamo ho tloha tlhoko ea hore sefofane se amohe bapalami tseleng e latelang e fumanehang, bona Mich HR HR 5475 § 5 (2), tlhoko ea hore bapalami ba lumelloe ho theoha, bona Pa. HR 2055 § 3 ( b). Ha ho na thuso hore likoloto tsena kaofela li batla ho qobella boikarabello bo ts'oanang ba ts'ebeletso joalo ka PBR - e hlokang hore lifofane li fane ka lijo, metsi, ho hlahisa motlakase le ho tlosa litšila kamora ho lieha ha mobu lihora tse tharo - bakeng sa melao ea naha e amanang le ts'ebeletso ea lifofane ho sa tsotelehe hore na lia lumellana ebile ha li lumellane le hore na li lumellana le sepheo sa ADA. Rowe, 128 S. Ct. ka 995; Morales, 504 US ho 386-87. Rea hlokomela hore Lefapha la Lipalangwang le hlahisitse le ho batla maikutlo mabapi le mehato e ts'oanang ea ts'ireletso ea bapalami e ka fanang ka litekanyetso tse ts'oanang ho sebetsana le ho lieha ha mobu. Bona Ho ntlafatsa Ts'ireletso ea Bapalami ba Lifofane, 72 Fed. Reg. 65,233 (Nov. 20, 2007) (e tla hlophisoa ho 14 CFR pts. 234, 253, 259, 399).

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